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WSS

Technology

This section summarizes FSR Chapters 5–9 (engineering & grid). Figures follow FSR V0.1.

Aerial view of a utility-scale solar PV array

Photovoltaics

[1,2,3]

N-type TOPCon bifacial modules; ~82% system efficiency; ~1,480 h equivalent utilization (base case in FSR).

  • Global horizontal irradiation ~1,480–1,550 kWh/m²·a; tilted ~1,720–1,800 at 35° (cross-check in Appendix C).
  • Fixed arrays on reclaimed land + BIPV on sheds + rooftop distributed PV.
Wind turbines on open terrain

Wind power

[1,2,3]

Composite-axis micro-wind as primary + geared semi-direct-drive auxiliary; ~5.5–6.5 m/s at 70 m; ~1,850 h equivalent.

  • Differentiated siting for highland vs. distributed micro-wind resource pockets.
Battery energy storage and power electronics

Battery storage

[1,2,3]

LFP + liquid cooling; Phase I uses truck-battery second-life; 100 MW/200 MWh (Phase III) for peak shaving & regulation.

  • Fire safety: three-tier thermal runaway mitigation + UL 9540A pathway + FK-5-1-12, etc. (Ch.11).
Building-integrated photovoltaic roof

BIPV integrated sheds

[1,2]

Phase II: 3,000 m² shed roof replaced by modules; ~850 RMB/m² incremental benefit over 25 years per FSR.

  • Standardized family library integrating waterproofing, structural capacity, and O&M access.
Substation and high-voltage equipment

Grid connection & PQ

[1,2]

Reuse existing 110 kV substation; ±60 Mvar SVG, AGC/AVC, protection & SCADA (Ch.9).

  • Target PCC voltage fluctuation within ±2% vs. ±8% baseline pain points from large motor cycling.